Which of the following best describes the risk associated with stochastic effects?

The risk associated with stochastic effects is best described by the idea that they show no threshold and that their probability of occurrence increases with exposure to dose. Stochastic effects occur randomly, meaning that as an individual's exposure to radiation increases, so does the likelihood of such effects, such as cancer or genetic mutations, occurring. Importantly, there is no safe level of radiation exposure where stochastic effects can be guaranteed not to happen; even low doses carry some risk.

The concept of "no threshold" indicates that any exposure, no matter how small, can potentially lead to stochastic effects, but the probability of these effects rises with higher doses. This understanding is crucial in radiological safety, as it implies that all radiation exposure is significant and must be managed and minimized to protect individuals.