In the indirect mode of DNA damage, what is often created that affects the DNA?

In the context of the indirect mode of DNA damage, free radicals are often created as a result of ionizing radiation interacting with water molecules within the body. When radiation passes through a biological system, it has the potential to ionize water, which leads to the formation of free radicals. These highly reactive molecules can then interact with nearby DNA, causing structural changes such as breaks or modifications to the DNA strands.

This process is considered "indirect" damage because the radiation does not directly strike the DNA itself. Instead, it affects the surrounding environment, leading to the by-products (free radicals) that ultimately result in DNA damage. Understanding this mechanism is crucial for recognizing how radiation exposure can impact cellular integrity and lead to mutations or other detrimental effects on genetic material.